The Museum is placed at the last floor of the Liviano, a building designed by the architect Gio Ponti (1937-1939) and decorated in the hall with works by Massimo Campigli and Arturo Martini. It contains three main sections: the Mantova Benavides collection, the Archaeological collections and the Plaster casts collection.
The core of the Museum is the Mantova Benavides collection, gathered by Marco Mantova Benavides in Padua in the sixteenth century. After 1711 part of that collection was acquired by Antonio Vallisneri, and then donated to the University of Padua by Antonio Vallisneri Junior in 1733. The present Museum originated from antiquities and art objects of that collection: a unique and precious document of the Renaissance in Padua. In the following centuries, the collections increased especially for didactic and research purposes related to the teachings of archaeology.